无意识的力量与举国体制
人们,尤其是红色中国人,常常强调意志力在比赛中的作用。参加奥运会,每个运动员无疑都想获得最好的成绩。然而,大多数运动员总是事与愿违。其原因在于无意识的力量。
van Gaal 等人(2008)的研究发现,在有意识的认知行为中,无意识扮演了非常重要的角色,后者甚至可以颠覆有意识的认知行为。
参考文献
van Gaal S, Ridderinkhof KR, Fahrenfort JJ, Scholte HS, Lamme VA. 2008. Frontal cortex mediates unconsciously triggered inhibitory control. J Neurosci. 2008 Aug 6;28(32):8053-62. To further our understanding of the function of conscious experience we need to know which cognitive processes require awareness and which do not. Here, we show that an unconscious stimulus can trigger inhibitory control processes, commonly ascribed to conscious control mechanisms. We combined the metacontrast masking paradigm and the Go/No-Go paradigm to study whether unconscious No-Go signals can actively trigger high-level inhibitory control processes, strongly associated with the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Behaviorally, unconscious No-Go signals sometimes triggered response inhibition to the level of complete response termination and yielded a slow down in the speed of responses that were not inhibited. Electroencephalographic recordings showed that unconscious No-Go signals elicit two neural events: (1) an early occipital event and (2) a frontocentral event somewhat later in time. The first neural event represents the visual encoding of the unconscious No-Go stimulus, and is also present in a control experiment where the masked stimulus has no behavioral relevance. The second event is unique to the Go/No-Go experiment, and shows the subsequent implementation of inhibitory control in the PFC. The size of the frontal activity pattern correlated highly with the impact of unconscious No-Go signals on subsequent behavior. We conclude that unconscious stimuli can influence whether a task will be performed or interrupted, and thus exert a form of cognitive control. These findings challenge traditional views concerning the proposed relationship between awareness and cognitive control and stretch the alleged limits and depth of unconscious information processing.
[[i] 本帖最后由 刘承宜 于 2008-8-26 11:24 PM 编辑 [/i]]
无意识的魅力
按照运动训练的内稳态理论,比赛只不过是常规训练的延续。优秀的运动员都强调用一颗平常心参加比赛。按照运动训练的内稳态理论,超常训练已经奠定了竞技水平。常规训练将超常训练的有意识行为转化为无意识行为。排除任何主观努力,依靠常规训练形成的无意识能力就可以获得好成绩。Dijksterhuis等人(2006)的研究正好支持这个推论。任何有意识的行为反而抑制无意识能力(Jolij et al 2005),妨碍运动水平的发挥。
常规训练将超常训练的有意识行为转化为无意识行为是需要时间的。这也许是这次奥运会上我国职业运动员战胜欧美业余运动员获得胜利的关键。
参考文献
Dijksterhuis A, Bos MW, Nordgren LF, van Baaren RB. 2006. On making the right choice: the deliberation-without-attention effect. Science. 2006 Feb 17;311(5763):1005-7. Contrary to conventional wisdom, it is not always advantageous to engage in thorough conscious deliberation before choosing. On the basis of recent insights into the characteristics of conscious and unconscious thought, we tested the hypothesis that simple choices (such as between different towels or different sets of oven mitts) indeed produce better results after conscious thought, but that choices in complex matters (such as between different houses or different cars) should be left to unconscious thought. Named the "deliberation-without-attention" hypothesis, it was confirmed in four studies on consumer choice, both in the laboratory as well as among actual shoppers, that purchases of complex products were viewed more favorably when decisions had been made in the absence of attentive deliberation.[url]http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/311/5763/1005[/url] 【Rey et al (2008)对此有疑问】
Jolij J, Lamme VA. 2005. Repression of unconscious information by conscious processing: evidence from affective blindsight induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Jul 26;102(30):10747-51. Some patients with a lesion to the primary visual cortex (V1) show "blindsight": the remarkable ability to guess correctly about attributes of stimuli presented to the blind hemifield. Here, we show that blindsight can be induced in normal observers by using transcranial magnetic stimulation of the occipital cortex but exclusively for the affective content of unseen stimuli. Surprisingly, access to the affective content of stimuli disappears upon prolonged task training or when stimulus visibility increases, allegedly increasing the subjects' confidence in their overall performance. This finding suggests that availability of conscious information suppresses access to unconscious information, supporting the idea of consciousness as a repressant of unconscious tendencies. [url]http://www.pnas.org/content/102/30/10747[/url]
Rey A, Goldstein RM, Perruchet P. 2008. Does unconscious thought improve complex decision making? Psychol Res. 2008 Jul 15. [Epub ahead of print]. In a recent study, Dijksterhuis et al. (Science 311:1005, 2006) reported that participants were better at solving complex decisions after a period of unconscious thought relative to a period of conscious thought. They interpreted their results as an existence proof of powerful unconscious deliberation mechanisms. In the present report, we used a similar experimental design with an additional control, immediate condition, and we observed that participants produced as good (and even descriptively better) decisions in this condition than in the "unconscious" one, hence challenging the initial interpretation of the authors. However, we still obtained lower performances in the "conscious" relative to the "immediate" condition, suggesting that the initial result of Dijksterhuis et al. was not due to the action of powerful unconscious thought processes, but to the apparent disadvantage of further conscious processing. We provide an explanation for this observation on the basis of current models of decision making. It is finally concluded that the benefit of unconscious thought in complex decision making is still a controversial issue that should be considered cautiously. [url]http://www.springerlink.com/content/r22w2h32nr672106/fulltext.html[/url]
[[i] 本帖最后由 刘承宜 于 2008-8-24 05:58 PM 编辑 [/i]]
无意识的力量来自大脑的暗能量
Raichle ME. 2006. Neuroscience. The brain's dark energy. Science. 2006 Nov 24;314(5803):1249-50.[[i] 本帖最后由 刘承宜 于 2008-8-24 06:01 PM 编辑 [/i]]
冥想
冥想的目的是去除意识的影响。Solberg 等人(1996)的研究表明,冥想可以提高射击成绩。
参考文献
Solberg EE, Berglund KA, Engen O, Ekeberg O, Loeb M. 1996. The effect of meditation on shooting performance. Br J Sports Med. 1996 Dec;30(4):342-6. OBJECTIVE: To study effects of meditation on the shooting performance. METHODS: 25 elite shooters were investigated in an independent groups design. The results in standardised test shootings indoors and in ordinary competitions outdoors were assessed before and after regular meditation training for the experimental group. The experience of tension during the test shootings was self recorded on a visual analogue scale (VAS). RESULTS: The competition results in the outdoor season (1993), just after the meditation training period, compared with the results the previous season (1992), were better in the meditation group (P < 0.05). No significant difference between the groups was observed in the test shootings before and after the relaxation intervention. A significant association was shown between low tension and the results in the test shootings (correlation r = 0.42, P < 0.0001; Wilcoxon rank sum test, z = -3.36, P < 0.001); 18% (= r2) of the variance in performance was explained by tension. CONCLUSIONS: Meditation may enhance competitive shooting performance. [url]http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=9015599[/url]
疲劳的意识相关
按照按照运动训练的内稳态理论,疲劳的产生源于超常训练。常规训练的前期是消除疲劳,后期则享受训练过程。参加比赛是在常规训练的后期。Noakes等人(2005)提出疲劳与意识相关。因此,超常训练与意识相关。常规训练后期将训练变成日常活动,与用筷子吃饭一样,完全属于无意识行为。
因此,这里的无意识讨论与Noakes等人(2005)提出的疲劳的中枢学说是不矛盾的。
参考文献
Noakes TD, St Clair Gibson A, Lambert EV. 2005. From catastrophe to complexity: a novel model of integrative central neural regulation of effort and fatigue during exercise in humans: summary and conclusions. Br J Sports Med. 2005 Feb;39(2):120-4. [url]http://bjsm.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/39/2/120[/url]
[[i] 本帖最后由 刘承宜 于 2008-8-24 07:00 PM 编辑 [/i]]
身体的智慧
Cannon(1932)提出内稳态概念的书名是《身体的智慧》。之所以有这样的称谓,是强调内稳态独立于大脑的意识。我们将内稳态概念作了发展,强调它与功能的关系,称之为功能内稳态(function-specidfic homeostasis, FSH)。FSH稳定的是功能的发挥。有多少种功能就有多少种FSH。
意识的显著特征是在同一时刻只有唯一的意识存在。但同一时刻可以存在多种FSH。人们可以同时完成走路(FSH1)和吃饭(FSH2)的行为,但不可能同时开展两个话题的聊天(有意识行为)。
运动员的项目内稳态(sport-specific homeostasis)当然属于身体智慧。
附件对身体智慧有提及,可以作为参考。
参考文献
Cannon WB. 1932. The Wisdom of the Body. WW Norton, New York.
[[i] 本帖最后由 刘承宜 于 2008-8-26 10:48 AM 编辑 [/i]] 疑问:美国队 两次最后一次射击环节 痛失金牌现象是否与 无意识的力量有关?
还有很多例子,譬如程菲跳马 痛失金牌, 而失误动作恰恰是 以她名字命名的“程菲跳”, 中国跳水梦之队 本届奥运 唯一旁落他人的金牌,也是在具有绝对优势前提下 最后一跳出现失误导致,这种种 最后时刻的超大失误, 在训练中也鲜有出现的如果会出现在重大比赛中,与 无意识的力量有何关联?
只是主观想象,哈哈
压力效应
huanglu0797 提到的几种情况可能是有意识的巨大压力抑制了平时训练形成的无意识能力,造成赛场表现大失水准。还有一个需要提到的典型就是中国首金呼声最高的杜丽(附录一),完全被压垮了。
刘翔的例子也许类似。已经检录,说明伤势并不是很重,但一旦进入赛场,巨大的压力再次席卷他的整个世界,不得不放弃比赛!
中国本来还可以拿更多的金牌,只是主场效应起了反作用,非常可惜。
附录一 “我是杜丽!”
[url]http://news.xinhuanet.com/sports/2008-09/30/content_10135065.htm[/url]
[[i] 本帖最后由 刘承宜 于 2008-10-1 08:45 AM 编辑 [/i]]
失败来自虚荣
无意识能力完全是个性的东西,来自内心世界,是长期有意识行为逐渐淀积的结果。有意识是肤浅的,只有淀积为无意识,才能产生真正的力量。遗憾的是,我国几千年的文化都是灭杀个性的,整个民族只能仰仗昔日的辉煌。个人的成就中起决定作用的当然是个人的努力,但我们不得不归结为领导和他人的作用。这种文化氛围大大抑制了无意识能力的淀积。崇洋媚外,厚古薄今,虚有其表,败絮其中。...。
汶川地震和北京奥运都在呼唤无意识的力量,可以说在中国文化的历史上具有非常重要的意义。
文化是集体无意识
在伟大的荣格心理学中,文化是以集体无意识形式存在和遗传的。有意识都是虚假的,只有经过长期努力淀积形成的无意识才是真实的。
所谓“路遥知马力,日久见人心”。
意识与无意识
意识通过超常训练和常规训练建立的FSH转化为无意识。无意识表现为稳定和熟悉等特性,就是家的属性。
home与homeostasis有同样的词根,它们是彼此相通的。
奥运来到咱们国家,本来应该有家的感觉。无赖奥运文化和中国文化差异太大,我们太想假奥运的成绩证明自己。虚荣与冲突剥夺了家的感觉,给方方面面造成了巨大的压力。
举国体制
大众健身或运动训练形成的SSH所记载的无意识就是体育文化。本次奥运会,中国金牌第一,这里记载了什么样的体育文化呢?
毫无疑问,是举国体制!
不管当初是在什么样的情况下提出了什么样的内容,经过几十年的淀积,本次奥运会金牌第一是重新总结认识举国体制的最佳时候。
[[i] 本帖最后由 刘承宜 于 2008-8-26 11:16 PM 编辑 [/i]]
理想的赛事
中国武术的最高境界是无招。在倚天屠龙中,张三丰教张无忌刚刚创立的太极,当张无忌说已经忘记了招式之后,张三丰才放心。招式是为了学习的方便设立的,如果招式忘不掉,就是有意识没有完全转化为无意识。当所有招式都忘记后,无意识的转化才算成功。教练就是运动员的招式,比赛时还严重依赖于教练,无意识的转化就没有成功。因此,理想的比赛中应该没有教练。比赛失误可能有两个原因,一个是无意识没有转化成功,脑子里还有有意识的招数;一个是有意识的干扰太大,破坏了无意识能力的发挥。无论是哪一个原因,都是比赛之大忌。因此,理想的比赛应该是水平的较量,没有失误。
建议网友开展理解奥运会退赛、失误等数据的比较研究,可以从比赛的角度探讨无意识与有意识的相互作用,判断历届奥运会参赛者的运动水平。
[[i] 本帖最后由 刘承宜 于 2008-8-25 09:14 AM 编辑 [/i]]
意识与无意识的相互作用
附件是Galdi等人(2008)上星期五发表在Science上的报告,其中的两个图可以用来讨论意识与无意识的相互作用。对于意识作用弱的人(undecided individuals),决定由无意识做出(图2),意识对无意识没有影响(图1),但无意识对意识有影响(图1),尽管如此,意识与无意识始终是不相关的(图1)。无意识以内稳态的形式存在,弱的意识作用对它当然没有干扰。这是运动员的最高境界。
对于意识作用强的人(decided individuals),决定由意识做出(图2),意识对无意识有影响(图1),意识与无意识由起初的不相关发展为相关(图1)。这应当属于超常训练阶段。要么无意识内稳态的稳定度很低,容易收到意识的影响。要么意识的作用太强,无意识内稳态无法抵抗意识的作用。在这种情况下,正确的意识导致好的结果;不正确的意识导致坏的结果。
参考文献
Galdi S, Arcuri L, Gawronski B. 2008. Automatic mental associations predict future choices of undecided decision-makers. Science. 2008 Aug 22;321(5892):1100-2.
[[i] 本帖最后由 刘承宜 于 2008-8-30 11:31 AM 编辑 [/i]] 运动的无意识的概念提出应该和 “运动感”有密切关联,有些篮球运动员高大威猛,譬如建国时期的 穆铁柱, 但篮球感觉极差, 身高优势显著,但就是进不了球。 还有很多非洲球队, 身体素质极好,但就是投不进球, 是否应当是 意识未能升华到 无意识的表征
无意识高于运动感
按照陈小平先生定义的运动感(附件),运动感低于无意识能力。无意识能力是运动的灵魂,当然高于运动感。
aesthesia是感觉,aesthetics是美学。
anaesthesia是麻醉,它是对感觉的否定,是进入无意识状态的一种方法。换句话说,无意识就是没有感觉。因此,无意识能力超越了运动感。如果比赛时还需要寻找运动感,其训练就还没有到位,难以获得好成绩。
[[i] 本帖最后由 刘承宜 于 2008-9-4 09:04 AM 编辑 [/i]]
创新的前提
曾几何时,创新的呼声压倒一切。创新就是打破现有的内稳态、无意识或文化。我们有稳定的内稳态、杰出的无意识或文化可供突破吗?出了古老久远的历史,我们什么都没有。创新成了假大空。
举国体制的成就为我们提供了一个样板。向古今中外学习,建立现有的内稳态,形成现有的文化,我们才可以找到可以突破的局面。
完美的继承才能建立创新的基础。 一个灵感的发放\一个认识论基础, 需要方法学\ 实验行动为假说提供论据支持, 期待证言的实现:w00t:
电影的无意识力量
电影《温凉珠》(附录一)的内容很普通,但那首娘亲哼的主题曲深深打动了我:爱哭的孩子要睡觉
庄家再多多不过草
远方的人儿回来了
等待的人儿不知道
等待的人儿不知道
远方的人儿回来了
庄家再多多不过草
爱哭的孩子要睡觉
睡吧 睡吧
长夜漫漫路迢迢
梦中人未少
睡吧 睡吧
长路漫漫夜迢迢
梦中人未老
附录一 温凉珠
[url]http://cache.tianya.cn/publicforum/content/music/1/147862.shtml[/url]
[[i] 本帖最后由 刘承宜 于 2008-8-28 01:35 AM 编辑 [/i]] 刘老师的例举使我波涛澎湃, 近日正在撰写作品: <运动、文学、电影、文化与产业关系散论>, 优秀电影的实现基础建基于优秀的文学作品, 如小说\诗歌\ 戏剧\剧本\电影文学等文学二级分类样式, 文学作品的深度在一定程度上决定了电影艺术的深度, 这是一个文化经济与软权力建构的时代, 运动文化产业将在未来引起足够的重视, 探索运动文化产业的实质与规律便成为理论的应然职责, 运动文化产业是"内容"产业, 具有天赋\风格化\创意\主体性\ 与运作体制\技术结合并进的特征, 而我们往往把运动文化产业强调为运动产业物质性发展的附加门类, 消解了她存在与发展蓬勃的核心竞争力, 这一时刻, 为她正名, 让大家知道运动文化产业的流程与规律, 进而回答运动文化产业是什么 这一基础性范畴, 为运动文化实践铺平理论道路.
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