[资料] 2007年考研英语复习考前必做3

Text 4
Before a big exam, a sound night’s sleep will do you more good than poring over textbooks.
That, at least, is the folk wisdom. And science, in the form of behavioral psychology, supports that
wisdom. But such behavioral studies cannot distinguish between two competing theories of why
sleep is good for the memory. One says that sleep is when permanent memories form. The other
says that they are actually formed during the day, but then “edited” at night, to flush away what is
superfluous.
To tell the difference, it is necessary to look into the brain of a sleeping person, and that is
hard. But after a decade of painstaking work, a team led by Pierre Maquet at Liege University in
Belgium has managed to do it. The particular stage of sleep in which the Belgian group is
interested in is rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, when brain and body are active, heart rate and
blood pressure increase, the eyes move back and forth behind the eyelids as if watching a movie,
and brainwave traces resemble those of wakefulness. It is during this period of sleep that people
are most likely to relive events of the previous day in dreams.
Dr. Maquet used an electronic device called PET to study the brains of people as they
practiced a task during the day, and as they slept during the following night. The task required
them to press a button as fast as possible, in response to a light coming on in one of six positions.
As they learnt how to do this, their response times got faster. What they did not know was that the
appearance of the lights sometimes followed a pattern- what is referred to as“artificial grammar” .
Yet the reductions in response time showed that they learnt faster when the pattern was present
than when there was not.
What is more, those with more to learn (i.e., the “grammar”, as well as the mechanical task of
pushing the button) have more active brains. The “editing” theory would not predict that, since the
number of irrelevant stimuli would be the same in each case. And to eliminate any doubts that the
experimental subjects were learning as opposed to unlearning, their response times when they
woke up were even quicker than when they went to sleep.
The team, therefore, concluded that the nerve connections involved in memory are reinforced
through reactivation during REM sleep, particularly if the brain detects an inherent structure in the
material being learnt. So now, on the eve of that crucial test, maths students can sleep soundly in
the knowledge that what they will remember the next day are the basic rules of algebra and not the
incoherent talk from the radio next door.
36.Researchers in behavioral psychology are divided with regard to　
[A] how dreams are modified in their courses
[B] the difference between sleep and wakefulness
[C] why sleep is of great benefit to memory
[D] the functions of a good night’s sleep
37.As manifested in the experimental study, rapid eye movement is characterized by　
[A] intensely active brainwave traces
[B] subjects’ quicker response times
[C] complicated memory patterns
[D] revival of events in the previous day
38.By referring to the artificial grammar, the author intends to show　
[A] its significance in the study
[B] an inherent pattern being learnt
[C] its resemblance to the lights
[D] the importance of night’s sleep
39.In their study, researchers led by Pierre Maquet took advantage of the technique of　
[A] exposing a long　held folk wisdom[B] clarifying the predictions on dreams
[C] making contrasts and comparisons[D] correlating effects with their causes
40.What advice might Maquet give to those who have a crucial test the next day?
[A] Memorizing grammar with great efforts.
[B] Study textbooks with close attention.
[C] Have their brain images recorded.
[D] Enjoy their sleep at night soundly.
Part B
Sample One
Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most
suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices,
which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Here I want to try to give you an answer to the question: What personal qualities are
desirable in a teacher? Probably no two people would draw up exactly the same lists. But I think
the following would be generally accepted.
First, 41)　But it does rule out such types as the over　excitable, melancholy, frigid,
sarcastic, cynical, frustrated, and overbearing: I would say too, that it excludes all of dull or purely
negative personality.
Secondly, 42）　Closely related with this is the capacity to be tolerant-not, indeed, of what is
wrong, but of the frailty and immaturity of human nature which induce people, and again
especially children, to make mistakes.
Thirdly, 43）　This does not mean being a saint. It means that he will be aware of his
intellectual strengths, and limitations, and will have thought about and decided upon the moral
principles by which his life shall be guided. There is no contradiction in my going on to say that a
teacher should be a bit of an actor. That is part of the technique of teaching, which demands that
every now and then a teacher should be able to put on an act—to enliven a lesson, correct a fault,
or award praise. Children, especially young children, live in a world that is rather larger than life.
On the other hand, 44）　He must be pretty resilient, teaching makes great demands on nervous
energy. And he should be able to take in his stride the innumerable petty irritations any adult
dealing with children has to endure.
Finally, 45）　There are three principle objects of study: the subject, or subjects, which the
teacher is teaching; the methods by which they can best be taught to the particular pupils in the
classes he is teaching; and - by far the most important-the children, young people, or adults to
whom they are to be taught. The cardinal principle of British education is education of the whole
person, and that it is best acquired through full and active co-operation between two persons, the
teacher and the learner.
［A］it is not merely desirable but essential for a teacher to have a genuine capacity for sympathy
—in the literal meaning of that word; a capacity to tune in to the minds and feelings of other
people.
［B］a teacher must be capable of infinite patience. This, I may say, is largely a matter of self　
discipline and self-training, because none of us were born like that.
［C］the teacher’s personality should be pleasantly live and attractive. This does not rule out
people who are physically plain, or even ugly, because many such have great personal charm.
［D］A teacher must remain mentally alert, He must be quick to adapt himself to any situation,
however improbable (they happen!) and able to improvise, if necessary at less than a moment’s
notice
［E］A teacher should be humorous sometimes like a best friend sitting down across from you in
your living room having a chat about what’s going on in your life.
［F］I think a teacher should have the kind of mind, which always wants to go on learning.
Teaching is a job at which one will never be perfect; there is always something more to learn
about it.
［G］I hold it essential for a teacher to be both intellectually and morally honest.
Sample Two
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45,you are required to
reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each
numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your
answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
[A] See yourself as successful. If I could plug into the minds of my patients and listen to the
statements they make to themselves, I am convinced that the majority of them would be negative:
“I’m running late again as usual.” “My hair looks terrible this morning.”“That was a stupid
remark I made—she probably thinks I’m a dummy.”Since thousands of these messages flash
across our brains every day, it is small wonder that the result is a diminished self-image.
[B] Author and editor Norman Cousins wrote: “People are never more insecure than when they
become obsessed with their fears at the expense of their dreams.” There is no doubt that if we can
envision beneficial things happening, they have a way of actually occurring.
[C] Stevens finally had a heart-to-heart talk with herself:“I realized that I simply wasn’t a wit or
an intellectual and that I could succeed only as myself. I began listening and asking questions at
parties instead of trying to impress the guests. When I spoke, I tried to contribute, not to shine.
Almost at once I started to feel a new warmth in my social contacts. They liked the real me better.”
If we are true to our instincts, most of us will find that we naturally develop certain trademarks.
The discovery and expression of that uniqueness is one reason we are on this planet. Resisting
conformity and developing some small eccentricities are among the steps to independence and
self-confidence.
[D] Many of us get interested in a field, but then the going gets tough, we see that other people are
more successful, and we become discouraged and quit. But it is of then the boring, repetitive
sharpening of our skills that will ultimately enable us to reach our goal.
[E] Horace Bushnell, the great New England preacher, used to say, “Somewhere under the stars
God has a job for you to do, and nobody else can do it.” Some of us must find our place by trial
and error. It can take time, with dead ends along the way. But we should not get discouraged
because others seem more skilled. Usually it is not raw talent but drive that makes the difference.
[F] One daily exercise for building self-confidence is called “imaging” or “visualization”. In
order to succeed, you must see yourself succeeding. Picture yourself approaching a difficult
challenge with poise and confidence. Athletes often visualize a move over and over in their minds;
they see themselves hitting the perfect golf or tennis shot. When we burn such positive images
into our minds deeply enough, they become a part of the unconscious, and we begin to expect to
succeed.
[G] Break away from other people’s expectations. It is a liberating step when we decide to stop
being what other people want us to be. Although opera singer Rise Stevens performed onstage
with great poise, the self-confidence she felt before audiences evaporated in social situation. “My
discomfort,” she says, “came from trying to be something I was not-a state in the drawing room
as well as onstage. If a clever person made a joke, I tried to top it and failed. I pretended to be
familiar with subjects I knew nothing of.”
Order:
D→
41　→
42　→
43　→
44　→
45　→
C
Sample Three
Direction:
You are going to read a text about the season for relief, followed by a list of examples. Choose the
best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45). There is one extra example
which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Winter’s harsh weather, shorter hours of daylight and family demands can all aggravate
feelings of stress. According to Dr. Paul Rosch, president of the American Institute of Stress, one
Midwestern headache clinic reported that complaints of tension and migraine headaches increased
40 percent from Thanksgiving to Christmas, compared with other six-week periods during the
year.
Many physicians are now trained in techniques to relieve tension and stress. But which
strategies do they themselves use? Here top health professionals reveal their favorite stressbusters.
Six in all, they are:
(41) Soothe with food. When nutritional biochemist Judith Wurtman is stressed out, she does what
a lot of people do this time of year: she reaches for food. But in her case, it’s a healthy rice cake or
two.
(42) Run from your problem. Dr. Kenneth H. Cooper handles his own stress with a daily after　
work run.
(43) Check your perspective. Driving in for a busy day as a MayoClinic stress-management expert,
psychologist John Taylor saw the oil-maintenance light pop on in his minivan. He faced a nonstop
schedule of patients and had to pick up his three-year-old after work. “I felt myself tense up,”
recalls Taylor, who then tried his quick stress-busting strategy. He asked himself: Is this a matter
of life or death? No. The oil could safely be changed the next week.
(44) Look to the light side. On his way to the hospital where his father was to undergo surgery,
author and educator Joel Goodman shared a hotel courtesy van with the anxious relatives of
several patients. The driver began telling his stressed-out passengers a few jokes. “Then he did
some magic tricks that had my mother and me laughing,” Goodman says. “In that five-minute
ride he taught us that humor can relieve our stress.” The surgery was successful.
(45) Take a timeout. A major cause of anxiety is an overloaded schedule. It’s one source of stress
you can ward off by preparing ahead.
Say a little prayer. Psychologist and medical scientist Joan Bprysenko of Boulder, Colo., maintains
that since most people spend too much time agonizing over the past or worrying about the future,
the key to lessening stress is learning how to live emotionally in the present.
“It helps to have some ritual to do this,” says Borysenko. For her the most relaxing ritual is “each
morning when I pray”. Prayer has been shown to reduce the impact of stress hormones such as
noradrenaline and adrenaline.
But remember, says Borysenko, doctors can’t turn on their patient’ “internal healing system”. That
inner clam is up to you. So you’re sick of stress, heal thyself.
[A] Williams counts himself among the 20 percent of adults whose susceptibility to anger is high
enough to threaten their health. But everyone can try his approach to handling the stressors that set
anger off—and it needn’t be in a work environment.
[B] “Aerobic exercise is the best way to dissipate stress and make the transition into family time,”
says the expert. But, he cautions, don’t let exercise itself become a stress. Even moderate
activity—such as a daily 30 minute walk can improve health and mood. “That’s why I tell my
patients to be sure to walk their dog every day,” he says with a chuckle, “even if they don’t have
one.”
[C] “My research suggests that carbohydrates raise levels of the mood-regulating brain chemical
serotonin, which exerts a calming effect on the entire body,” says the M.I.T research scientist.
“So symptoms of stress—such as anger, tension, irritability and inability to concentrate—are
eased.”
[D] He tells patients to do only those tasks that would have serious consequences if left undone.
“Will you die if you don’t do the laundry?” he asks. Taking at least half an hour a day to do
something you enjoy, he notes, lets you recharge you batteries. Especially around the holidays,
skip some routine chores to make time for family and friends.
\[E\]When cardiologist Ray Rosenman was associate chief of medicine at San Francisco’ s Mount
Zion Hospital, he would block off half an hour a day on his schedule. “If an emergency came up,
I moved patients into that slot,” says Rosenman, co-author of Type A Behavior and Your Heart.
“Or used that half-hour to return calls or go through my mail. You can’t control everything, but
you can control your schedule to create some breathing space for yourself.”
\[F\] He was so moved by his experience that he researched laughter’s power. “A good laugh
relaxes muscles, lowers blood pressure, suppresses stress-related hormones and enhances the
immune system,” he says. In his workshops he tells clients to ask themselves how their favorite
comedian would see this stressful situation.
Sample Four
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about employment in Japan. Choose the most
suitable heading form the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last
paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.
Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
[A] Women and Japanese companies　
[B] Why men sometimes resign form Japanese companies　
[C] Permanency in employment in Japan　
[D] The social aspect of work　
\[E\] The salary structure　
\[F\] The recruitment strategy of foreign firms　
Every autumn, when recruitment of new graduates and school leavers begins, major cities in Japan
are flooded with students hunting for a job. Wearing suits for the first time, they run from one
interview to another. The season is crucial for many students, as their whole lives may be
determined during this period.
41　
In Japan, lifetime employment is commonly practiced by large companies. While people working
in small companies and those working for subcontractors do not in general enjoy the advantages
conferred by the large companies, there is a general expectation that employees will in fact remain
more or less permanently in the same job.
42　
Wages are set according to educational background or initial field of employment, ordinary
graduates being employed in administration, engineers in engineering and design departments and
so on. Both promotions and wage increases tend to be tied to seniority, though some differences
may arise later on as a result of ability and business performance. Wages are paid monthly, and the
net sum, after the deduction of tax, is usually paid directly into a bank account. As well as salary, a
bonus is usually paid twice a year.
43　
Many female graduates complain that they are not given equal training and equal opportunity in
comparison to male graduates. Japanese companies generally believe that female employees will
eventually leave to get married and have children. It is also true that, as well as the still-existing
belief among women themselves that nothing should stand in the way of child-rearing, the
extended hours of work often do not allow women to continue their careers after marriage.
44　
Disappointed career-minded female graduates often opt to work for foreign firms. Since most
male graduates prefer to join Japanese firms with their guaranteed security, foreign firms are often
keen to employ female graduates as their potential tends to be greater than that of male applicants.
45　
Some men, however, do leave their companies in spite of future prospects, one reason being to
take over the family business. The eldest sons in families that own family companies or businesses
such as stores are normally expected to take over the business when their parents retire. It is
therefore quite common to see a businessman, on succeeding to his parents’ business, completely
change his professional direction by becoming, for example, a shopkeeper.
On the job, working relationships tend to be very close because of the long hours of work and
years of service in common. Social life in fact is frequently based on the workplace. Restaurants
and nomiya, “pubs”, are always crowded at night with people enjoying an evening out with their
colleagues. Many companies organize trips and sports days for their employees. Senior staff often
play the role of mentor. This may mean becoming involved in the lives of junior staff in such
things as marriage and the children’s education.
Part C
Directions:

[ 本帖最后由 liusanfeng 于 2007-1-11 01:42 PM 编辑 ]