生活方式与疾病的联系逐渐引起人们的关注(附录一)。
饮食方式是生活方式的主要内容之一,合理饮食是避免生活方式疾病的主要手段之一(附录一)。
Wahlqvist等人(1999)从流行病学的角度研究了进餐方式与肥胖的关系。
Wirfält等人(2001)进一步从流行病学的角度研究了食品类型与代谢综合征之间的关系,Dietary patterns dominated by fiber bread (comparatively high in several micronutrients) provide protective effects, while food patterns high in refined bread or in cheese, cake, and alcoholic beverages (with lower intakes of several micronutrients) increase the risk for several components of the metabolic syndrome. In addition, food patterns in which a high proportion of energy is derived from milk-fat-based dietary spreads indicated protective relations with hyperinsulinemia in women. The findings imply that differences between genders in the observed effects of food patterns on health depend not only on gender differences in cell metabolism but also on food selection differences as well as on variation in confounders (such as obesity, underreporting of energy, and other lifestyle factors) across food patterns.
这些研究都是现象学的研究,似乎还没有人从人类学的角度研究饮食方式的变迁。这里给出一个猜想,供有兴趣的网友一起探讨。
典型的西方人的祖先是游牧民族,肉食文化是与骑射等高强度大运动量相关联的。进入文明社会之后,运动负荷都大大降低,但肉食方式依然保持,导致饮食过量和大量疾病的出现。Lee等人(2000)用流行病学方法跟踪研究了哈佛毕业生,他们发现只有大强度的运动才能显著降低死亡率。其实,这些大强度运动只不过用于回归与肉食方式所匹配的生活方式。如果限制热量——采用与办公室生活协调的饮食方式,就没有必要采用大强度运动来降低死亡率了。
典型的东方人的祖先是农耕民族,素食文化(以素食为主,间或肉食)是借助牛等农耕等低强度小运动量相关联的。进入文明社会运动负荷进一步降低,但引进了西方的肉食文化,导致饮食过量和大量疾病的出现。
研究发现(陈瑗等2004),不但限制热量可以延长寿命,降低运动量照样可以取得同样的效果。
面对饮食过剩,专家都建议适量运动。其实,运动的主要目的只不过为了消耗过量的饮食。我认为,问题的关键是限制热量。
进一步研究表明,限制热量引起的变化(陈瑗等2004)与高强度运动有很多相似的地方,详细的对比研究正在进行。
参考文献
Lee IM, Paffenbarger RS Jr. 2000. Associations of light, moderate, and vigorous intensity physical activity with longevity. The Harvard Alumni Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2000 Feb 1;151(3):293-9. Physical activity is associated with better health; however, the optimal intensity of activity remains unclear. A total of 13,485 men (mean age, 57.5 years) from the Harvard Alumni Health Study reported their walking, stair climbing, and sports/recreation in 1977. Between 1977 and 1992, 2,539 died. After adjusting for the different activity components, distance walked and storeys climbed independently predicted longevity (p, trend = 0.004 and <0.001, respectively). Light activities (<4 multiples of resting metabolic rate (METs)) were not associated with reduced mortality rates, moderate activities (4-<6 METs) appeared somewhat beneficial, and vigorous activities (> or =6 METs) clearly predicted lower mortality rates (p, trend = 0.72, 0.07, and <0.001, respectively). These data provide some support for current recommendations that emphasize moderate intensity activity; they also clearly indicate a benefit of vigorous activity.(免费阅读
http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/151/3/293,全文见附件)
Wahlqvist ML, Kouris-blazos A, Wattanapenpaiboon N. 1999. The significance of eating patterns: an elderly Greek case study.
Appetite. 1999 Feb;32(1):23-32. Eating patterns are a relatively neglected area of nutrition assessment with considerable potential health importance. Cross-cultural and socio-anthropological studies provide insight into the great range of food patterns which are related to health, biochemical measurements and anthropometry. The International Union of Nutritional Sciences (IUNS) study of aged folk in food-culturally disparate communities has provided opportunities to explore these issues. This paper uses cross-sectional data from the Greek arms of the IUNS study to explore associations between eating pattern variables (number of meals, time of meals, main meal for lunch and/or dinner, meal plus alcohol) and with the prevalence of self-reported heart disease and diabetes, body fatness, blood lipids, blood glucose and the overall variety of foods consumed. The eating pattern variables were not associated with blood lipids, self-reported heart disease or diabetes. Body fatness was negatively associated with the consumption of a greater number of meals/snacks daily (p<0.01), with the consumption of two cooked meals daily (p<0. 05) or when the main meal was consumed at lunch time (p<0.05) and when breakfast was consumed earlier rather than later in the morning (p<0.01). Later dinner times were positively correlated with a higher fasting blood glucose in non-diabetic elderly Greeks (p<0. 0005). A more varied diet was positively associated with the consumption of alcohol with dinner (p<0.0001) and with a greater number of meals/snacks daily (p<0.0001). These findings suggest that adherence to the traditional Greek eating pattern may be protective against obesity and appears to promote greater food variety. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.
Wirfält E, Hedblad B, Gullberg B, Mattisson I, Andrén C, Rosander U, Janzon L, Berglund G. 2001.Food patterns and components of the metabolic syndrome in men and women: a cross-sectional study within the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort. Am J Epidemiol. 2001 Dec 15;154(12):1150-9. (可以免费阅读
http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/154/12/1150)
陈瑗 周玫. 2004. 自由基与衰老. 北京:人民卫生出版社. 第七章
附录一 医学专家:“生活方式疾病” 将成人类主要杀手
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本帖最后由 刘承宜 于 2008-1-22 10:22 AM 编辑 ]